Bottled water companies such as Nestlé extract and deplete the precious groundwater supplies of communities all over the world. This lucrative business also leaves large amounts of waste contaminated by microplastics.
IBFAN’s Statement provides additional information requested during IBFAN’s meeting with two UNESCO Directors to express our concerns about their partnership with Nestlé.
IBFAN Statement
Nestlé Water Scandals
November 2025
The human right to safe drinking water was first recognised by the UN General Assembly and the Human Rights Council as part of binding international law in 2010 (UN, 2010).
“When a company like Nestlé comes along and says, ‘Pure Life is the answer, we’re selling you your own ground water while nothing comes out of your faucets anymore or if it does it’s undrinkable’ – that’s more than irresponsible, that’s practically a criminal act.”
— Maude Barlow, Former UN Chief Advisor for Water Issues
Nestlé in Crisis
Nestlé, the world’s largest packaged food company, has faced decades of criticism and consumer boycotts over its human rights abuses. It is now in crisis. Its share price has dropped by over 30% since 2022, and new CEO Philipp Navratil is restructuring the company, arguing that Nestlé needs to “change faster” to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving global market.
The company is planning to axe 16,000 jobs over the next two years (5.8% of its 277,000 employees), spin off its global water and premium beverage brands into a stand-alone business, and focus on products with the “highest potential returns.” It has already sold its North American bottled water assets worth $5 billion and closed its infant formula manufacturing and research and development operations in Ireland.
Business media often blames increased costs and competitive markets rather than the reputational damage caused by its human rights abuses — which, in the case of baby food marketing, has earned the company the “baby killer” label. Fifty to seventy percent of its 2000-brand food and drink portfolio is deemed to be ultra-processed and unhealthy. It also faces ongoing charges of child slavery and has caused harmful environmental impacts through plastic pollution, intensive agriculture, risky technologies, monocropping, and land- and sea-grabbing.
This briefing focuses specifically on Nestlé’s bottled water business and the outrage of communities impacted by its over-bottling and illegal use of unauthorised treatments.
While IBFAN shares the concerns about the erosion of workers’ rights resulting from job losses and restructuring, the Nestlé story serves as a lesson for policymakers who allow transnational corporations to influence public policy. Nestlé promotes multi-stakeholder partnerships — knowing that these arrangements increase access and opportunities to delay, undermine, and weaken essential regulation. The Nestlé story shows that the economic “benefits” for host countries can vanish overnight.
Harming Indigenous Peoples & Lands
Key issues
- Exploitation of vulnerable populations: During severe droughts, Nestlé’s extraction, privatisation and resale of millions of litres of bottled water back to Indigenous communities pose an existential threat that undermines their human right to safe drinking water. These are communities that have traditionally stewarded their ancestral lands.
- Unequal access to water: In British Columbia, communities were required to restrict their water use while Nestlé was permitted to continue extracting water at the same rate.
- Disrespecting Indigenous sovereignty and harming Mother Nature: Leaders such as Makaśa Looking Horse state that Nestlé disrespects water, the land, and its people.
- Environmental degradation: Nestlé’s water extraction has been linked to declining water levels and damage to local ecosystems, impacting wildlife and traditional practices.
2000–2025
Nestlé has been involved in countless scandals concerning its water extraction practices, particularly in relation to Indigenous communities in Brazil, Mexico, Canada, and the United States. At the core is the practice of extracting and commodifying local water considered sacred by Indigenous communities. Targeting Indigenous communities is a moral, ethical, human rights, land rights, and water rights issue. Reports highlight damage to lands and human health.
- In 2019, Indigenous peoples from Brazil and other countries met to build common strategies to oppose Nestlé’s privatisation policies.
- In Mexico, Indigenous communities are fighting Nestlé and other corporations about the impact of privatisation on their water rights. Nestlé Mexico is reported to pay 2,600 pesos (US$127) per year for each water extraction but makes 494 times this amount when the bottled product is sold. Local people gain nothing but suffering from this profiteering.
- In Canada and the United States, there have been legal battles between Indigenous groups and Nestlé over the impact of bottled water operations on water rights, environment, Indigenous land use, and health. Nestlé extracted millions of litres of water daily from aquifers beneath Six Nations’ traditional territory near Elora and Aberfoyle, Ontario. During this time, thousands of Six Nations residents suffered from a lack of safe water and were forced to rely on bottled water — sometimes sold back to them by Nestlé. In the United States, Nestlé (now BlueTriton Brands) bottled water for decades from a spring in Millard Canyon on the Morongo Band of Mission Indians’ reservation in California.
Outcome
While Nestlé extracts water for profit, local wells and rivers are reported to be drying up. The extraction of water has been directly linked to a lack of clean, safe drinking water for Indigenous communities, leading to health issues such as hepatitis A, gastroenteritis, giardia lamblia, and scabies. Resistance from Indigenous communities includes protests, boycotts, blockades, and legal actions against Nestlé.
In 2016, the Yakama Nation and community groups protested a proposed Nestlé water bottling plant in Cascade Locks, Oregon. The grassroots opposition — which included protests and a hunger strike by Indigenous activists — ultimately led to the defeat of the bottling plan and its withdrawal in 2017. In 2024, BlueTriton (formerly Nestlé) announced it was exiting the bottled water business in Canada, due to the collective action of Indigenous activists. Indigenous groups have asserted their treaty rights to land and water, viewing Nestlé’s operations as a threat to these rights, which has led to heightened scrutiny and monitoring of Nestlé.
Extraction of Water in Sensitive Regions
Key issues
- Over-extraction: Nestlé’s extraction at unsustainable rates has depleted local aquifers and harmed ecosystems in California, Oregon, and Michigan.
- Exploitation of permits: Nestlé exploits loopholes in permits to extract more water than allowed.
- Privatisation of public resources: Impacts communities’ access to clean water.
2000–2021
Environmentalists and residents in California, Oregon, and Michigan claimed that Nestlé’s water extraction was unsustainable in water-sensitive areas and that the company used expired permits in drought-prone regions.
Outcome
In 2021, after investigation by the California Water Resources Control Board, the state issued a cease-and-desist order to stop the company from siphoning spring water from the San Bernardino National Forest.
Exploiting the Global South
Key issues
- Colonialist agenda: Nestlé’s extraction activities in Pakistan and Nigeria contributed to water shortages and scarcity in communities, especially in areas where the company operates factories and bottling plants.
- Exploitation: Nestlé’s activities are profitable for the company but leave millions in Pakistan and Nigeria without clean water. Communities living closest to its water plants are reported to suffer the most.
2012–2019
- Published reports indicated that thousands of Pakistanis in Bhati Diwan village were getting sick from drinking contaminated water after Nestlé drained their local supply for its bottled water. Residents claimed they were forced to use sludge water. Villagers reported that Nestlé’s heavy extraction of groundwater for its Pure Life brand depleted their water source, which had been used for decades. Nestlé was reported selling the extracted water back to villagers while denying them direct access to it.
- The International Centre for Investigative Reporting found that Nestlé contaminated the water supply of its host community in Abuja, Nigeria. The investigation revealed that a Pure Life bottled water factory was discharging untreated wastewater, causing severe environmental damage and contaminating a stream that served as the community’s primary water source.
Outcomes
- In Pakistan, children fell sick with waterborne diseases. Following protests from villagers, Nestlé installed a filtration plant for local residents, which helped suppress immediate anger — but did not address the larger issue of aquifer depletion.
- The Pakistani Government’s response included a Supreme Court audit in 2018, which found that Nestlé had extracted billions of litres of water between 2013 and 2017 without paying the government for it. The audit revealed that approximately 43% of the extracted water was wasted during filtration, highlighting legal loopholes and inadequate regulation of the bottled water industry.
- In Nigeria, Nestlé’s operations caused serious gully erosion, and unregulated discharge of wastewater destroyed farmlands and made roads impassable.
High Levels of Microplastic Contamination
Key issues
- High microplastic concentration: Scientists at the State University of New York found that one bottle of Nestlé Pure Life contained more than 10,000 plastic particles per litre — the highest single concentration of any brand in the study.
- Widespread microplastic contamination: The research found that 93% of the bottled water samples showed some sign of microplastic contamination.
2017–2022
Studies found that Nestlé Pure Life bottled water contained among the highest levels of microplastic contamination of any brand tested, and that bottled water had roughly twice as many microplastic particles as tap water.
Outcome
In response to these findings, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a review into the potential health risks of microplastics in drinking water. This resulted in the 2019 WHO publication Microplastics in Drinking-Water, followed by the 2022 WHO Review of Dietary and Inhalation Exposure to Microplastics.
Ecological Damage, Humanitarian Crisis Exploitation & Legal Action
Key issues
- Permit controversy: The Michigan water scandal involved Nestlé’s efforts to increase its water withdrawal permit significantly, sparking opposition from environmental groups and local residents.
- Environmental concerns: Opponents argued that increased extraction could harm the Great Lakes ecosystem, impacting water levels and aquatic life.
- Profiteering during a humanitarian crisis: Nestlé increased water pumping during the Flint lead contamination crisis — while residents lacked safe water.
- Corporate gain during crisis: Activists highlighted the injustice of Nestlé making billions in profit from a public resource while the government failed to provide safe, affordable water.
- Legal battles: The controversy led to court actions and public protests, highlighting the debate over water rights and corporate responsibility.
2011–2025
In Evart, Michigan, Nestlé’s water extraction operations drew criticism for allegedly depleting local watershed flows and wells. Under its Ice Mountain brand, the company paid a yearly fee of just US$200 for a permit to pump hundreds of thousands of gallons of water per minute from aquifers — generating enormous profits.
In 2017, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality approved Nestlé’s request to increase extraction from 250 to 400 gallons per minute. Just days after this approval, the state of Michigan stopped providing free bottled water to Flint residents, whose communities were still suffering from lead contamination.
The timing of these events was seen as a major injustice, fuelling public condemnation of Nestlé for profiting during a humanitarian crisis. Nestlé’s cheap access to high-quality water provoked outrage, as Flint families paid some of the highest water bills in the US for water that was undrinkable and toxic.
Outcomes
- A court ordered major cuts to the company’s pumping and required real-time monitoring. Nestlé was found to be primarily responsible for ecological harm from over-extraction.
- Community activists in Flint called for a boycott of Nestlé, outraged that the company profited while local residents were left with toxic water.
Faecal Contamination, Illegal Water Treatment & Criminal Investigation
Key issues
- Public health concerns: Nestlé’s illegal water treatment raised concerns about the safety and purity of its French and Swiss mineral water products, leading to investigations and recalls.
- Illegal treatment: The company used UV and carbon filters — purification methods prohibited under French regulations for mineral water.
- Deception and cover-up: Nestlé concealed these practices from authorities for several years.
- Admission of guilt: In early 2024, Nestlé Waters France admitted to using illegal purification methods on its mineral water brands, including Perrier and Vittel.
2024–2025
Reports by Le Monde and Radio France revealed that Nestlé had been illegally using unauthorised treatments on several of its “natural mineral water” brands — including Perrier, Vittel, and Contrex — for years.
Details of the fraud
- By law, natural mineral water must be pure at the source and cannot undergo disinfection.
- Nestlé admitted to using ultraviolet and activated carbon filters to purify water after traces of bacteria and pesticides were discovered at some springs.
- In a separate case, Nestlé was forced to destroy at least two million bottles of Perrier after faecal bacteria were found in one of its wells following heavy rains.
Outcome
Nestlé’s French subsidiary is under criminal investigation for using illegal purification methods. Health authorities ordered the destruction of Perrier production from March 10–14, 2024, from one of its sources near Nîmes.
- The illegal practices led to a €2 million fine, and Nestlé was investigated for deceptive marketing.
- The French Senate launched an inquiry, revealing that the government had known of these practices since 2021 but covered them up.
Record Levels of Microplastic Contamination Linked to Illegal Waste Dumping
Key issues
- Prosecution of Nestlé in France for illegally dumping plastic, glass and demolition waste near its bottled water facilities.
- Contamination of water with microplastics.
- Potential fraudulent sales of mislabelled water products.
- Government involvement: A French Senate report in May 2025 accused the Macron administration of knowingly concealing Nestlé’s illegal practices since 2021.
2025
Investigators linked the contamination to four illegal plastic waste dumps in the Vosges region — containing large amounts of plastic waste, including discarded Nestlé bottles.
In August 2025, French investigators uncovered record levels of microplastic contamination in Contrex and Hépar bottled waters — up to 1.3 million times higher than in surface waters such as rivers and lakes, and between five and 3,000 times above the global groundwater average.
For comparison, many unpolluted water bodies contain only a handful of microplastic particles per cubic metre.
Outcome
The scandal has intensified, with ongoing investigations in France and possible wider action by the European Union. Regulators ordered Nestlé to remove its illegal filters and prove the purity of its water or risk losing its “natural mineral water” designation. Investigations also revealed additional cases of contamination and fraudulent labelling.
Analysis
Nestlé misleads consumers by selling its bottled water under idealised brands such as Pure Life, labelled as “natural mineral water,” even though the products have undergone the same disinfection treatments as municipal tap water. These bottles sell for 100 to 400 times the cost of regular tap water.
IBFAN Statement – Nestlé’s Water Scandals
(November 2025)
Download the full briefing (PDF)
Footnotes
1.https://finance.yahoo.com/news/nestl-vtx-nesn-earnings-declined-102806148.html
2.https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/nestl-cut-16-000-jobs-105317433.html
3. Nestle to axe 16,000 jobs as new boss pushes to cut costs.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cx2nl5l0d5eo#
4. Nestlé’s 16,000 job cuts and $1bn savings plan may ripple across African markets Business Insider Africa 17.10.25
https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/nestles-16000-job-cuts-and-dollar1bn-savings-plan-may-ripple-across-african-markets/zvlsdrz
5. Nestlé to sell €5bn water division
https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2025/05/09/nestle-to-sell-56bn-water-division/
6. Proposal to end operations of infant formula manufacturing and R&D operations in Ireland. Nestlé Press Release. 18.10.25.
https://www.nestle.co.uk/en-gb/media/pressreleases/proposal-operations-ireland
7. International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes
https://www.who.int/teams/nutrition-and-food-safety/food-and-nutrition-actions-in-health-systems/code-and-subsequent-resolutions
8.https://www.actiononsalt.org.uk/media/action-on-salt/WASSHShareAction-Summary-Report-(1).pdf
https://www.theguardian.com/business/2024/apr/18/nestle-vote-sugar-salt-fats
Nestlé investors urge food giant to lessen dependence on unhealthy foods …“The coalition claimed Nestlé gets 75% of its global sales from products containing high levels of salt, sugar and fat…”.
https://www.fooddive.com/news/nestle-investors-lessen-dependence-on-unhealthy-foods/710290/ Food Dive14 Mar 2024
9.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-57522186, Mars, Nestlé and Hershey to face child slavery lawsuit in US.
Guardian Fri 12 Feb 2021
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/feb/12/mars-nestle-and-hershey-to-face-landmark-child-slavery-lawsuit-in-us
10. The rise of multi-stakeholderism, the power of ultra-processed food corporations, and the implications for global food governance: a network analysis. Slater, S., Lawrence, M., Wood, B. et al. Agric Hum Values 42, 177–192 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-024-10593-0
“Multi Stakeholder Initiatives (Mis) involving the UPF industry privilege the interests of corporations located near exclusively in the Global North, draw legitimacy through affiliations with multi-lateral agencies, civil society groups and research institutions, and represent diverse corporate interests involved in UPF supply chains”
11.https://rematriation.com/makasa-looking-horse-why-i-took-on-nestle/
12.https://www.theguardian.com/global/2018/oct/04/ontario-six-nations-nestle-running-water
13.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPIEaM0on70&t=13s
14.https://lakotalaw.org/news/2018-06-13/the-case-against-nestle
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17.https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/while-nestl%C3%A9-extracts-millions-of-litres-from-their-land-residents-have-no-drinking-water/#
18.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwwTHBdupUA&t=47s
19.https://www.upworthy.com/how-nestl-is-using-a-native-american-tribes-land-to-get-away-with-draining-california-dry
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21.https://www.foxnews.com/food-drink/nestle-slammed-for-illegally-bottling-water-during-drought
22.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG62UJIsmd4&t=1s
23.https://www.democracynow.org/2010/7/29/in_historic_vote_un_declares_access#
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36.https://www.bbc.com/news/business-36161580#
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39.https://laist.com/news/nestle-is-pumping-water-from-a-national-forest-on-an-expired-permit
40.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPIEaM0on70&t=13s
41.https://www.desertsun.com/videos/news/2015/10/13/30568357/
42.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zk3sVrSyHCc
43.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG62UJIsmd4&t=1s
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45.https://www.upworthy.com/how-nestl-is-using-a-native-american-tribes-land-to-get-away-with-draining-california-dry
46.https://www.change.org/p/nestle-canadian-stop-nestl%C3%A9-from-stealing-water-from-indigenous-communities
47.https://lakotalaw.org/news/2018-06-13/the-case-against-nestle#
48.https://themuslimvibe.com/muslim-current-affairs-news/heres-how-nestle-is-leaving-millions-pakistan-nigeria-and-flint-without-clean-water
49.https://aijc.africa/notable-work/multinational-lies-while-villagers-suffer/
50.https://themuslimvibe.com/muslim-current-affairs-news/heres-how-nestle-is-leaving-millions-pakistan-nigeria-and-flint-without-clean-water
51.https://worldcrunch.com/business-finance/poisoning-the-well-nestle-accused-of-exploiting-water-supplies-for-bottled-brands/#
52.https://theflaw.org/articles/nestle-pure-life-or-impure-lies/
53.https://www.icirnigeria.org/how-nestle-nigeria-contaminates-water-supply-of-its-host-community-in-abuja/
54.https://theflaw.org/articles/nestle-pure-life-or-impure-lies/#
55.https://themuslimvibe.com/muslim-current-affairs-news/heres-how-nestle-is-leaving-millions-pakistan-nigeria-and-flint-without-clean-water#
56.https://worldcrunch.com/business-finance/poisoning-the-well-nestle-accused-of-exploiting-water-supplies-for-bottled-brands/#
57.https://allafrica.com/stories/202508280110.html#
58.https://worldcrunch.com/business-finance/poisoning-the-well-nestle-accused-of-exploiting-water-supplies-for-bottled-brands/#
59.https://www.icirnigeria.org/how-nestle-nigeria-contaminates-water-supply-of-its-host-community-in-abuja/#
60.https://www.courthousenews.com/nestles-pure-life-water-filled-with-plastic-class-says/#
61.https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/15/microplastics-found-in-more-than-90-of-bottled-water-study-says#
62.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6141690/#
63.https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241516198
64.https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240054608
65.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRWWK-iW_zU&t=39s
66.https://lakotalaw.org/news/2018-06-13/the-case-against-nestle#
67.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zk3sVrSyHCc
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70.https://www.chicagotribune.com/2018/04/04/michigan-oks-nestle-permit-to-withdraw-400-gallons-of-groundwater-a-minute-despite-81787-objections/
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74.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPIEaM0on70&t=13s
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80.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-10-08/nestle-s-perrier-fecal-contamination-woes-add-to-300-billion-sector-s-hurdles?embedded-checkout=true
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87.https://www.thecooldown.com/green-business/nestle-luxury-water-brands-microplastic-contamination/#
88.https://www.foodbev.com/news/nestl%C3%A9-watergate-french-mineral-water-brands-face-trials-over-illegal-treatments-and-microplastic#
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